Listening
- a specialized process, a type of perception, by which you receive auditory signals
- helps you to play , help, relate, influence and to learn
- Hearing is a basic step of receiving sound and is not the same as listening
Stages of Listening
Receiving
- verbally and nonverbally
- Hearing Auditory Stimuli - can be made more effective if you
Refrain from thinking about how you will respond
Maintain your role of listener by not interrupting
Understanding
- decoding the speaker's messages; more effective if you
See the speaker’s messages from the speaker’s point of view
Ask questions for clarification
Rephrase (paraphrase) speaker’s ideas to facilitate mutual understanding
Remembering
- Retaining messages received and understood for at least some period of time - more effective if you
Summarize messages in ways that are easy for you to retain
Repeat names and key concepts to yourself (or aloud, if appropriate)
Evaluating
- Judging messages you hear - can be made more effective if you
Assume the speaker is a person of goodwill (ask for clarification)
Distinguish facts from inferences and opinions
Identify any biases, self-interest, or prejudices that may influence the speaker’s messages
Responding
- responding occurs in two phases: responses while the speaker is talking (backchanneling cues to let the speaker know you are paying attention - can be more effective if you
Express support for the speaker in your final responses
Take ownership of responses by using “I” messages
Listening & Culture
Listening is difficult, why?
- Different communication systems between speaker and listener
- Because of experiences
- More difficult if speaker and listener from different culture
Diversity of Listening & Culture
Language and speech
- every speaker speaks an idiolect (unique variation of the language)
- Speakers and listeners who have different native languages & who may have learned English as a second language have differences in meaning.
Nonverbal behavioural differences
- Speaker from different cultures have different display rules. (non-verbal appropriate or inappropriate in public setting)
- Listen = verbal + nonverbal
- If verbal and nonverbal contradict with what you expect, it will become noise or interference
Direct and indirect styles
- Direct style: “say what you mean and mean what you say.”
- indirect style : “they emphasize politeness and maintaining a positive public image rather than absolute truth”
Balance of story versus evidence
- In some cultures (e.g. United states) most people want evidence before making decisions rather than critical thinking
- But for some other cultures, they may be more influenced by the word of high credibility source
Credibility
- What make a speaker credible or believable will vary from one culture to another
- Competence teacher is the most important factor for parents to send their children in preschool
- For some other culture, morality and or goodness is most important factors
Feedback
- Members of some cultures give very direct and very honest feedback
- But for some others cultures “it’s more important to be positive than to be truthful and so they may respond with positive feedback even thought they don’t feel it”
Listening Effectively
Participatory and passive learning
- Key of effective listening
- Participate mentally and physically
- Passive listening is not without merit
- Listening without talking and without directing in any nonverbal way is powerful means for communicating acceptance
Emphatic and objective listening
- Means + feelings = emphaty
- Emphatic listening is a means for both increasing understanding and for enhancing relationships
- There are times when you need to measure the meanings and feelings against some objective reality
- Listen more objectively
Nonjudgemental and critical listening
- Effective listening includes both nonjudgmental and critical responses
- Open your mind and understanding the message and then evaluate or judge the message
Surface and depth listening
- Distinguish the surface(literal) and depth meaning of the communication
E,g - how do you like my new haircut?
Question means direct and clear
But.. there is another level of meaning
Maybe it's asking about his/her appearance
No comments:
Post a Comment