Chapter 12 Organizational Communication

Organization can be divided 4

• Rules and regulation
• Division of labour
• A system of reward and consequences
• cultural values and beliefs

How to be an effective employee?

• Be impressive
• Be positive
• Be culturally sensitive
• Be respectful and open
• Be interested

Communication within organization can be divided formal and informal

Formal

• upward
• downward
• lateral

Informal

• The Grapevine

Organization network

• Circle
• Wheel
• Y
• Chain
• All channel

Chapter 11 Member and Leader

Small groups

• various roles to play in small group

There are 12 roles in group task

• Initiator-contributor
• Information seeker
• Opinion seeker
• Information giver
• Opinion giver
• Elaborator
• Coordinator
• Orienter
• Evaluator-critic
• Energizer
• Procedural technician 
• Recorder

There are 7 roles for building and maintenance

• Encourager
• Harmonizer
• Compromiser
• Gatekeeper-expediter
• Standard setter
• Group observer & Commentator
• Follower

There are 8 roles for individual

• Aggressor
• Blocker
• Recognition seeker
• Self-confessor
• Playboy/playgirl
• Dominator
• Help seeker
• Special interest pleader

Chapter 10 Small Group Communication

Small Group

mean forming groups and click is a natural part of life

Common purpose

• similar purpose and reason

Interdependence

• individual depending on one another for common objective or to complement each other

Organization of rules

• members of small groups must be connected by some organizing rules or structure

Self perception as a group

• individual wanting to feel belonged to a larger group of common share values, beliefs, likings and mentality

Team


Specific purpose

• task completion

Clearly defined roles

• must have leader, supporter and others must be team player

Goal directed

• commitment to achieve the common goal and objective

Content focused

• able to generate content - not distracted by other things

Virtual groups & teams

• team can be both in face to face or in the virtual world

Small groups stages

• opening
• feed forward
• business
• feedback
• closing

Small group formats

The round table

• arrange in semicircular or circular
• share information
• informal group interaction

The panel

• member are expert
• informal speak
• an audience in front

The symposium

• a series of presentation or public speech delivered

The symposium forum

•  series of prepared speeches before an audience followed by responses from the audience

Power in the small group

• legitimate
• referent
• reward
• coercive
• expert
• information

Types of small groups

Idea generation groups

• members meet for the first time and discuss over issues and solution
• called brainstorming

Personal growth group

• the encounter group - known as sensitive group
• the assertiveness training group - aim to increase the willingness of its members to stand up for their rights and to act more assertively in a wide variety of situations
• the consciousness - aims to help people cope with the problems society confronts them with

Information sharing groups

• educational group - contribute to academic circle
• focus group - affirming the existence of the information, or the probability of increasing the confirmation of certain issues

Problem solving groups

• come face to face to solve problem

Steps of solving problems

• Define and Analyze the Problem
• Establish Criteria for Evaluating Solutions
• Identify possible Solution
•  Evaluate Solutions
• Select the Best Solution          
• Test Solution

Chapter 9 Friends & Lovers and Families

Friendship is considered as

• interpersonal relationship
• must mutually productive
• characteristics by mutual positive regard (you like me or i like you)

Friendship Types

The friendship of reciprocity

• Loyalty, self-sacrifice, mutual affection, generosity
• Share equally in giving receiving the benefits and rewards of the relationship

The friendship of receptivity

• one person is the primary giver, and one the primary receiver

The friendship of association

• friendly relationship
• there is no great loyalty, no great giving & receiving

Why do we seek out friendship and close relationships ?

Utility purposes

• help you to achieve your specific goals and need

Affirmation

• help you to recognize your attributes

Ego support

• someone who behave in supportive and encouraging

Stimulation

• Introduces you to new ideas, help you to expand your worldview

Security

• someone who does nothing to hurt you or

Development stages of friendship


Initial contact & acquaintanceship

• the first stages of friendship
• impressions are formed
• important to stay open welcoming of the presence of your new acquaintance

Casual friendship

• The second stage of friendship
• Dyadic (of a relation) consciousness takes place
• Doing things together

Close and intimate friendship

• the third stage of friendship
• most intimate forms of togetherness

The value of friendship would also be affected by

Culture

• different cultures would bring about a different meaning to friendship

Gender different

• male and female kin view friendship and relationship differently
• men are more keen to develop more acquaintances, but not true friends
• women are more able to keep and maintain close friends around them. But tends to get jealous more

Technology

• meaning of friendship has been diluted by the important and usage of technology in our lives

Romantic relationship


Types of Loves


Eros

• erotic, sensual, desire, lust
• basically this category represents love that comes out physical attraction, beauty and appearance. Often sex and lust becomes the result of this category

Ludus

• excitement, fun, entertainment
• this love is represents the thrill of excitement and pleasure seeking, often only seeking temporary measures and ways to fulfill their need to have fun

Storage

• peaceful and slow
• this form of love represents the act of seeking for love but with the absence of passion and emotion in the process

Pragma

• practical and traditional
• lover this category are more concerned of the ability of the other partner and the benefits that they could gain from the relationship

Mania

• extremist of opposites
• love in this category is a bit of a psychology they love the thrill of having love and at the same is depressed or worried of having love

Agape

• unconditional love
• this love is truly unconditional love- loving another with no favor expected in return. Can be considered as the highest and most selfless form of love

Love and Communication

• enhances all forms of verbal and non-verbal communications and encourages a deeper level of conversation

Love and Culture

• love is interpreted and practiced differently from various cultures around the globe

Love and Gender

• who is the better lover? Men or women? The jury is out for neither – both men and women love differently

Love and Technology

• likewise with friendships, the meaning of love is also diluted by the growth of technology

Families

Each family has their own uniqueness and characteristic, but they do normally follow a certain set of rules and criteria, such as

• defined roles
• recognition of responsibilities
• shared history & future
• shared living space

Types of Family

Traditional Couples

• the conventional form of a family

Independent couples

• individual in this family setting stresses individuality as the main theme in the family 

Separate couples

• this family setting is not really a family but individual in this family stay together for a common benefit

Family Communication

Equality

• individual in families would often seek an equal terms of respect, love and understanding with one another

Balanced split

• families with a balanced split have a balanced amount of responsibilities

Unbalanced split

• a mother having to work for money and taking care of the home but the father just stay at home unemployed and not even doing the housework

Monopoly

• one person is the authority

Family and Culture

• Highly individualist cultures would not have a conductive setting for a healthy family. But would often be prepared to accept changes and self-disclosure

Family and Technology

• Research showed that while the participants in the family are more active in conversation, with one another
• example: via text messages, email, facebook, and more

Chapter 8 Interpersonal Relationship Stages and Theories

Chapter 8 is a bit different from others as teacher told us do your own note for this chapter.


Stages of Relationship

Contact

• first stage of relationship
• aware of one another's existence
• perceptual and Interactional contact take place

Involvement

• second stage of relationship
• tighter bonds and engagements with one another

Intimacy

• third stage of relationship
• deep and committed relationship with one another
• become familiar and comfortable with each other

Deterioration

• fourth stage of the relationship
• factors such as temporal, cultural, or societal contexts weakens the bond with one another
• intrapersonal and interpersonal dissatisfaction become apparent
• reality hurts

Repair

• fifth stage of relationship
• intrapersonal repair and interpersonal repair

Dissolution

• last stages of relationship
• bonds are broken or returned back to platonic
• interpersonal and social separation takes place

Relationship Theories

Attraction Theory

• similarity
• proximity
• reinforcement
• physical attractiveness and personality

Relationship Rules Theory

• friendship rules
• romantic rules
• family rules
• workplace rules

Relationship Dialectics Theory

• the tension between closeness and openness
• the tension between autonomy and connection
• the tension between novelty and predictability

Social Penetration Theory

• People in relationships often have the need to explore each other's personalities

Social Exchange Theory

• individuals form relationship with one another based on whether or not it would bring benefits to them

Equity Theory

• move towards forming professional relationships with one another

The Dark Side of Interpersonal Relationships

• Relationships can get complicated and can lead to ugly things in life and with one another
• One of the most common example is jealousy due to a human nature called envy
• Different types of jealous can occur

Cognitive jealously

• suspicious thinking, worrying and exaggeration of things that you think would occur

Emotional jealousy

• seeing someone you like react to something else that is out of your control to reach

Behavioral jealousy

• responses or behavioral changes that takes place with the individual as a result of the envy and jealousy

Chapter 7 Interpersonal Communication

What is Interpersonal ?

Interpersonal is communication between sender and receiver ; one to another; more than 1 person involved.

The essence of interpersonal communication is through conversations and dialogues.


Conversation Process

• Opening
• Feed-forward
• Business
• Feedback
• Closing

Principle of Conversation


Principle of Turn taking

• an active exchange of roles of between speakers and listeners

Turn-Maintaining: Speaker to speak; his/her role to maintain conversational cues.

• Examples: Para-language, eye contact

Turn-Yielding: Speaker to listen; Indicates they are done talking and wishes to listen.

• Examples: Hand gestures

Turn-Requesting: Listener to speaker; Indicates he/she is ready to speak.

• Examples: Butting in conversation, para-language

Turn-Denying: Listener to listen; Indicates that he/she is not responsive.

• Examples: Shaking head, looking away

Principle of Dialogue

dialogue is a context where two person share message to one another

dialogue is indicates an interaction rather than just a conversation.

example: two  friend talking about a common  interest

Principle of Immediacy and Flexibility

• effective communication  and conversation requires both parties to take into consideration the relationship and intimacy of one another.
• adjusting to the environment and the context

Everyday Conversation

Small Talk

•  method in which we slowly introduce ourselves into a bigger issue or message
• a bridge to the conversation: Compliments, talk about weather, food, etc
• very culturally based

Excuses and Apologies

• excuse ourselves and apologize in our everyday conversations for the fault that we do

Excuses- maintain a fair stand on your excuses
Apologies - maintain an open position and apologize if you are at fault


Complimentary and Advice

• Compliment is a "message of praise" which is the interpersonal glue

Qualified - Praises that really justifies the words
Unqualified - praises that is used to just pass on the impression or to mask certain behaviours and intention

Types of advice

• Explore options: Advising others to seek out alternatives
• Expert advice/second opinion: Advising others to emphasize or de-emphasize their beliefs and inclinations
• Delay decision: To delay their decision

 

MIDTERM !!!

 

 

 

Chapter 6 Non Verbal Communication

 What is non verbal communication?

• communicate without words including gestures, touch, raising your voice
• basically anything that develop other than HEARING WORDS directly spoken

  Benefit of using non verbal communication

• greater the ability to send and receive nonverbal signals, the higher the attraction, popularity, and psychological well-being are likely to be
•  successful to influence others

  There are 6 functions non verbal messages

• Integrating  non verbal and verbal messages.
• Forming and managing impression 
• Defining relationship
• Structuring conversation 
• Influencing and deceiving 
• Expressing emotion